National Flag of India
THE National flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark
green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centreof the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel whichappears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947. Apart from non-statutory instructions issued by the Government from time to time,display of the National Flag is governed by the provisions of the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (No. 12 of 1950) and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1971). The Flag Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned.
The Flag Code of India, 2002, has taken effect from 26 January 2002 and supercedes the 'Flag Code-Indias' as it existed. As per the provisions of the Flag Code of India, 2002, there shall be no restriction on the displayof the National Flag by members of general public, private organisations, educational institutions, etc., except to the extent provided in the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 and any other law enacted on the subject.
State Emblem of India The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are fourlions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
In the state emblem, adopted by the Government of India on 26 January 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus with a bull on right and a horse on left and the outlines of other wheels on extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus has been
omitted. The words Satyameva Jayate from Mundaka Upanishad, meaning 'Truth Alone Triumphs', are
inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script.
National Anthem of India
The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi
version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. It was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas.
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga.
Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa mange, Gahe tava jaya gatha,
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!
Playing time of the full version of the national anthem is approximately 52 seconds. A short version consisting
of the first and last lines of the stanza (playing time approximately 20 seconds) is also played on certain
occasions. The following is Tagore's English rendering of the national anthem:
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
Dispenser of India's destiny.
Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind,
Gujarat and Maratha,
Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal;
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,
mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is
chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, victory, victory to thee.
National Song of India
The song Vande Mataram, composed in sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to
the people in their struggle for freedom. It has an equal status with Jana-gana-mana. The first political
occasion when it was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The following is the text of
its first stanza:
Vande Mataram!
Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja shitalam,
Shasyashyamalam, Mataram!
Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayaminim,
Phullakusumita drumadala shobhinim,
Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim,
Sukhadam varadam, Mataram!
National Calendar of India
The national calendar based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first month and a normal year of 365 days
was adopted from 22 March 1957 along with the Gregorian calendar for the following official purposes: (i)
Gazette of India, (ii) news broadcast by All India Radio, (iii) calendars issued by the Government of India and
(iv) Government communications addressed to the members of the public. Dates of the national calendar
have a permanent correspondence with dates of the Gregorian calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March
normally and on 21 March in leap year.
National Animal of India
The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris, a striped animal is the national animal of India, it has a thick yellow
coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, ability and enormous power has earned the
tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India. Out of eight races of the species known, the Indian
race, the Royal Bengal Tiger, is found throughout the country except in the north-western region and also in
the neighbouring countries, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
National Bird of India
The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus, the national bird of India, is a colourful, swan-sized bird, with a
fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the eye and a long, slender neck. The male of the species
is more colourful than the female, with a glistening blue breast and neck and a spectacular bronze-green trail
of around 200 elongated feathers. The female is brownish, slightly smaller than the male and lacks the trail.
The elaborate courtship dance of the male, fanning out the tail and preening its feathers is a gorgeous sight.
National Flower of India Lotus (Nelumbo Nucipera Gaertn) is the National Flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial.
National Tree of India
The Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis) is the National Tree of India. This huge tree towers over its
neighbours and has the widest reaching roots of all known trees, easily covering several acres. It sends off
new shoots from its roots, so that one tree is really a tangle of branches, roots, and trunks.
National Fruit of India
Mango (Manigifera indica) is the National fruit of India. Mango is one of the most widely grown fruits of the
tropical countries. In India, mango is cultivated almost in all parts, with the exception of hilly areas. Mango is
a rich source of Vitamins A, C and D. In India, we have hundreds of varieties of mangoes. They are of
different sizes, shapes and colours. Mangoes have been cultivated in India since time immemorial.
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